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1.
Int. j. morphol ; 40(2): 436-441, 2022. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1385616

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN: El pudú (Pudu puda), pertenece al orden Artiodactyla y a la familia Cervidae, corresponde al segundo cérvido más pequeño del mundo y es endémico de Chile y Argentina. Son herbívoros que se alimentan de hojas jóvenes y brotes de algunos árboles, arbustos, hierbas, frutos y flores. Esta especie está catalogada en estado Vulnerable, por lo que se prohíbe su caza y captura, esto debido a que su población ha disminuido sustancialmente a causa de la pérdida y fragmentación de la vegetación nativa, los incendios forestales, ataques de perros asilvestrados y caza furtiva. Existe escasa información científica anatómica de esta especie, y más aún referente a su morfología digestiva, por lo que se requieren estudios que aporten información específica de este cérvido. Se utilizaron dos cadáveres de pudú hembras adultas, los cuales fueron donados por el Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG) de Talca, Región del Maule, Chile. Dentro de los resultados, podemos indicar que la cavidad oral, glándulas salivares y esófago se asemejan a otros rumiantes domésticos, como también existen semejanzas con el venado de campo, sin embargo, existen diferencias como la forma y desarrollo de la glándula parótida; el conducto parotídeo pasa ventral al músculo masetero y se abre en una papila a nivel del tercer premolar superior; la glándula mandibular se divide en tres lobos; la glándula sublingual solo posee porción polistomática, las glándulas bucales dorsales poseen un menor tamaño que las bucales ventrales, la glándula bucal ventral es alargada y de forma compacta y se observa la presencia de una redondeada glándula bucal intermedia, poseen 11 crestas palatinas por lado en el paladar duro y además la papila incisiva se encuentra rodeando al pulvino dental. Esta información es relevante y corresponde a un aporte al conocimiento específico de esta especie, la cual es endémica, vulnerable y protegida.


SUMMARY: The pudu (Pudu puda), belongs to the Artiodactyla order and the Cervidae family, corresponding to the second smallest deer in the world and is endemic to Chile and Argentina. They are herbivores that feed on young leaves and shoots of certain trees, shrubs, herbs, fruits, and flowers. The status of is species is classified as Vulnerable; therefore, its hunting and capture is prohibited, this because its population has decreased substantially due to the loss and fragmentation of native vegetation, forest fires, attacks by feral dogs and poaching. There is little scientific anatomical information available on this species, and even more so regarding its digestive morphology, which is why studies are required to provide specific information on this deer. Two adult female pudu specimens were used, which were donated by the Agricultural and Livestock Service (SAG) of Talca, Maule Region, Chile. Among the results, we can indicate that the oral cavity, salivary glands and esophagus resemble other domestic ruminants; there are also similarities with the field deer, however, there are differences such as the shape and development of the parotid gland; the parotid duct passes ventral to the masseter muscle and opens into a papilla at the level of the upper third premolar; the mandibular gland is divided into three wolves; the sublingual gland only has a polystomatic portion, the dorsal buccal glands are smaller than the ventral buccal glands, the ventral buccal gland is elongated and compact and the presence of a rounded intermediate buccal gland is observed, it has 11 palatal ridges per side in the hard palate and also the incisive papilla is found surrounding the dental pulvino. This information is relevant and corresponds to a report on the specific knowledge of this species, which is endemic, vulnerable, and protected.


Subject(s)
Animals , Salivary Glands/anatomy & histology , Deer , Esophagus/anatomy & histology , Mouth/anatomy & histology
2.
Int. j. morphol ; 39(2): 366-370, abr. 2021. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1385369

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: The pudu (Pudu puda) is classified as an artiodactyl of the Cervidae family. It is a native species found in Argentina and Chile. It is estimated that its population has been substantially reduced due to several causes, such as loss of forests, predation, hunting, and vehicle accident. Therefore, this species is protected due to its vulnerable conservation status. The extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb have great importance in the biomechanical functionality of the suspension of the limb, neck, and head, as well as participating in the movement of the thoracic wall and thoracic limb. The objective of the present study is to describe the extrinsic musculature of the thoracic limb of a specimen of pudu, comparing the results with those described for domestic ruminants in the classical anatomical bibliography. Basic procedures: All extrinsic muscles were analyzed, describing shape, distribution, origin, and insertion. The results indicate that the pudu specimen has anatomical characteristics similar to domestic ruminants; however, some differences should be considered. Main findings: The brachiocephalicus muscle has an evident clavicular intersection that separates it into cleidobrachialis, cervicalis, and mastoideus pars. The pectoralis superficialis muscle has two distinct and independent pars, and the pectoralis profundus muscle has a partial fusion with the latissimus dorsi and cutaneous trunci muscles. The subclavius muscle is small and has an elongated shape and goes deep into the cephalic vein, just at the point it is a tributary of the external jugular vein. The results of this study present specific anatomical features of Pudu puda providing novel reference information and expanding scientific knowledge of this scarcely studied wild species.


RESUMEN: El pudu (Pudu puda) se clasifica como un artiodáctilo de la familia Cervidae. Es una especie nativa que se encuentra en Argentina y Chile y se estima que su población se ha reducido sustancialmente debido a varias causas, tal como la pérdida de bosques, depredación, caza y accidentes de vehículo. Debido a lo anterior esta especie está protegida por su estado de conservación vulnerable. Los músculos extrínsecos del miembro torácico tienen gran importancia en la funcionalidad biomecánica de la suspensión del miembro, el cuello y la cabeza, además de participar en el movimiento de la pared torácica y el miembro torácico. El objetivo del presente estudio es describir la musculatura extrínseca del miembro torácico de un ejemplar de pudu, comparando los resultados con los descritos para rumiantes domésticos en la bibliografía anatómica clásica. Se analizaron todos los músculos extrínsecos, describiendo la forma, distribución, origen e inserción. Los resultados indican que el espécimen de pudu tiene características anatómicas similares a las de los rumiantes domésticos; sin embargo, deben tenerse en cuenta algunas diferencias. Hallazgos principales: El músculo braquiocefálico tiene una interección clavicular evidente que lo separa en pars cleidobraquial, cervical y mastoideo. El músculo pectoral superficial tiene dos porciones distintas e independientes, y el músculo pectoral profundo tiene una fusión parcial con los músculos latissimus dorsi y cutáneo del tronco. El músculo subclavio es pequeño y tiene una forma alargada y se ubica profundamente a la vena cefálica, justo en el punto en el que es un afluente de la vena yugular externa. Los resultados de este estudio presentan características anatómicas específicas de Pudu puda proporcionando información de referencia novedosa y ampliando el conocimiento científico de esta especie silvestre escasamente estudiada.


Subject(s)
Animals , Thorax/anatomy & histology , Deer/anatomy & histology , Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology
3.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 30(1): e025020, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1156216

ABSTRACT

Abstract Gurltia paralysans is the causal agent of gurltiosis in domestic cats in South America. Although the life cycle of G. paralysans is unknown, it is thought that gastropods could act as intermediate hosts (IHs), as is the case for several nematodes in the Angiostrongylidae family. The aim of this study was to search for G. paralysans larvae in terrestrial gastropods and determine their role in the life cycle of this nematode species. Terrestrial gastropod samples (n=835) were collected in Punucapa, Valdivia, southern Chile, where cases of gurltiosis had been reported before. The samples included species from the families Arionidae, Limacidae, Helicidae and Milacidae. All gastropods were subjected to enzymatic digestion to isolate G. paralysans larvae. Ten percent of the gastropod samples were analyzed using seminested PCR targeting the 28S rRNA gene, while 2.6% were analyzed by histopathological examination. The results indicated the absence of G. paralysans when using any of the three methods. In conclusion, further studies are needed to evaluate specific species of aquatic or native gastropods acting as possible IHs (in this geographic location).


Resumo Gurltia paralysans é o agente etiológico da gurltiose em gatos domésticos na América do Sul. Embora o ciclo biologico de G. paralysans seja desconhecido, provavelmente é indireto com gastrópodes atuando como hospedeiros intermediários (HIs), como no caso de vários nematoides da família Angiostrongylidae. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a presença de larvas de G. paralysans em gastrópodes terrestres para avaliar seu papel no ciclo de vida do parasito. Amostras de gastrópodes terrestres (n = 835) foram coletadas em Punucapa, Valdivia, sul do Chile, onde casos de gurltiose foram relatados anteriormente. As amostras incluíram espécies das famílias Arionidae, Limacidae, Helicidae e Milacidae. Todos os gastrópodes foram submetidos à digestão enzimática para isolar as larvas de G. paralysans. 10% das amostras foram analisadas, utilizando-se seminested PCR para o gen 28S RNAr de G. paralysans, enquanto 2,6% foram analisados ​​por exame histopatológico. Os resultados indicaram ausência de G. paralysans em todos os três métodos. Os dados permitem concluir que são necessários mais estudos para avaliar espécies específicas de gastrópodes aquáticos ou nativos, que atuam como possíveis hospedeiros intermediários nessa localização geográfica.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Cat Diseases/parasitology , Cat Diseases/transmission , Strongylida Infections/transmission , Strongylida Infections/veterinary , Gastropoda/parasitology , Metastrongyloidea/physiology , Chile , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Host Specificity , Life Cycle Stages
4.
Int. j. morphol ; 38(1): 91-95, Feb. 2020. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1056403

ABSTRACT

El pudú (Pudu puda) se clasifica como un artiodáctilo de la familia Cervidae y es el ciervo más pequeño. Se estima que su población se ha reducido, esto debido a varias causas, como son la pérdida de los bosques, depredación, caza y atropellos. El objetivo del presente estudio es describir la musculatura intrínseca del miembro torácico de un ejemplar de pudú, comparando los resultados observados con lo descrito para rumiantes domésticos en la bibliografía anatómica clásica. Se estudió la musculatura desde proximal hacia distal, dividiendo al miembro en cuatro regiones topográficas: región escapular, braquial, antebraquial y de la mano. Además, se realizó un estudio morfométrico indicando el largo, ancho y grosor de los músculos. Los resultados indican que el ejemplar de pudú posee características anatómicas similares a rumiantes domésticos, sin embargo, se deben considerar algunas diferencias, tales como: la porción escapular del m. deltoides se une de manera aponeurótica con el m. infraespinoso; las dos cabezas del m. flexor ulnar del carpo se encuentran altamente fusionadas; no se observó el tercer tendón del m. bíceps braquial; el m. tríceps braquial es bien desarrollado y presenta cuatro cabezas musculares bien diferenciadas; el m. ancóneo permanece de manera independiente de la cabeza lateral del m. tríceps; el m. flexor digital profundo presenta cuatro cabezas y el m. interóseo es macroscópicamente tendinoso. La información entregada en este estudio corresponde a un aporte anatómico que permite ampliar el conocimiento científico de esta especie que se encuentra poco estudiada, protegida y vulnerable.


The pudú (Pudu puda) is classified as an artiodactyl and is the smallest deer of the Cervidae family. It is estimated that its population has been reduced for a number of reasons, such as loss of forests, predation and hunting. The objective of this study is to describe the intrinsic musculature of the thoracic limb of a Pudu specimen, comparing the results with those described for domestic ruminants in anatomical literature. Musculature was studied from proximal to distal, dividing the limb into four topographic regions: scapular, brachial, antebrachial and hand regions. In addition, a morphometric study was conducted indicating the length, width and thickness of the muscles. The results indicate that the Pudu species has anatomical characteristics similar to those of domestic ruminants. However, some differences should be considered, such as the scapular portion of M. deltoides joins aponeurotically with M. infraspinatus; the two heads of M. carpis ulnaris are highly fused; the third tendon of M. biceps brachii; the M. triceps brachii is well developed and has four distinct muscle heads; the M. Anconeus remains independent of the lateral head of M. triceps brachii; the M. digitorum profundus features four heads and the M. interosseous is macroscopically tendinous. The information provided in this study corresponds to an anatomical contribution that allows furthering scientific knowledge of this protected and vulnerable species, which is scarcely studied.


Subject(s)
Animals , Deer/anatomy & histology , Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology , Upper Extremity/anatomy & histology
5.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 28(4): 613-624, Oct.-Dec. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1057993

ABSTRACT

Abstract Black-necked swans are distributed across South America and face conservation problems in Chile according to data of the State institution SAG. The aim of this study was to identify helminths and to assess associated tissue damage via histopathology. A total of 19,291 parasites were isolated from 21 examined birds; 17 species were identified, including nematodes, flukes, and tapeworms. Of these, 12 were new host records, 13 were reported for the first time in Chile, and 5 were new records for the Neotropical region. Further, the flukes Schistosomatidae gen. sp. and Echinostoma echinatum are of zoonotic concern. Regarding histopathology, an inflammatory response was found along the birds' entire digestive tract. Nevertheless, it is difficult to declare that there is a clear association between such lesions and isolated parasites, as other noxa could be responsible as well. Although in some cases there was an evident association, such inflammatory responses and necrosis were minimal, as occurred with Capillaria, Retinometra, Catatropis, Echinostoma, and Schistosomatidae gen. sp. Nevertheless, Epomidiostomum vogelsangi caused granulomatous injuries, an important inflammatory response, and necrosis, but it always circumscribed to superficial layers of the gizzard. Conversely, Paramonostomum was not associated with an inflammatory response despite a high parasitic load.


Resumo O cisne de pescoço negro é distribuído por toda a América do Sul, e enfrenta problemas de conservação no Chile, sendo protegido pela Lei Estadual de Caça. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar helmintos em cisnes e avaliar o dano tecidual por meio de histopatologia. Um total de 19.291 parasitas foi isolado de 21 aves examinadas, sendo 17 espécies identificadas, entre nematóides, trematódeos e tênias. Destes, 12 são novos registros de hospedeiros, 13 são reportados pela primeira vez no Chile, e 5 são novos registros para a região Neotropical. Além disso, os trematódeos Schistosomatidae gen. sp. e Echinostoma echinatum detectados têm importância zoonótica. Em relação à histopatologia, uma resposta inflamatória foi encontrada em todo o trato digestivo. Entretanto, é difícil estabelecer uma associação estrita de tais lesões com parasitas isolados, porque outros fatores também poderiam ser responsáveis. Em alguns casos, houve uma associação óbvia entre parasitas e lesões, embora a resposta inflamatória e a necrose fossem mínimas, como foi o caso dos gêneros Capillaria, Retinometra, Catatropis, Echinostoma e Schistosomatidae gen. sp. Entretanto, Epomidiostomum vogelsangi causou lesões granulomatosas com importante resposta inflamatória e necrose, mas sempre circunscrita às camadas superficiais da moela. Por outro lado, Paramonostomum não foi associado com uma resposta inflamatória óbvia apesar da alta carga parasitária.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Gastrointestinal Tract/parasitology , Anseriformes/parasitology , Helminthiasis, Animal/parasitology , Helminths/isolation & purification , Chile/epidemiology , Helminthiasis, Animal/pathology , Helminthiasis, Animal/epidemiology , Helminths/classification
6.
Int. j. morphol ; 35(4): 1370-1376, Dec. 2017. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-893144

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN: El pudú (Pudu puda) pertenece a la familia Cervidae y se estima que su población actual total es menor a 10.000 ejemplares, razón por la cual se encuentra en la categoría de "Casi Amenazado" y dentro de la lista roja de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (IUCN). La causa de la reducción de su población, es la pérdida y la fragmentación de los bosques del sur de Chile, caza, depredación, atropellos, entre otros. En las últimas situaciones mencionadas, es frecuente observar lesiones en la zona corporal caudal y miembros pélvicos del animal. Debido a lo anterior, se considera importante generar estudios morfológicos en el pudú que puedan ser un aporte en el conocimiento de ésta especie en particular. El presente trabajo corresponde a un estudio descriptivo anatómico del miembro pélvico de un ejemplar de pudú hembra. Se describió la musculatura y sus principales relaciones con vasos sanguíneos y nervios desde proximal hacia distal, dividiendo al miembro pélvico en cuatro regiones topográficas: cintura pélvica, femoral, crural y del pie. Además, se realizó de forma complementaria un estudio morfométrico de cada región topográfica y cada músculo que la compone. Los resultados fueron comparados con rumiantes domésticos, en relación a lo descrito en la bibliografía anatómica clásica, observando que el ejemplar analizado posee características anatómicas similares a lo descrito para pequeños rumiantes, sin embargo, existen diferencias importantes de tomar en consideración, tales como: el m. de la fascia lata presenta dos porciones sobrepuestas; el m. sóleo presenta un mayor desarrollo; el paquete vasculo nervioso femoral se observa atravesando la porción craneal del m. sartorio y el m. gracilis forma parte del tendón calcáneo común. La información entregada en este estudio corresponde a un aporte anatómico que permite ampliar el conocimiento científico de ésta especie poco estudiada, protegida y vulnerable.


SUMMARY: The Pudu (Pudu puda) belongs to the family Cervidae and it is estimated that its total current population is less than 10,000 specimen, which is why it is part of the "Near Threatened" category and on the red list of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The cause of the reduction of its population is the loss and the fragmentation of the forests of the south of Chile, hunting, predation, crashes, among others. In the latter situations, it is common to observe injuries in the caudal area and pelvic limbs of the animal. Due to the above, it is considered important to generate morphological studies in the Pudú that can be a contribution in the knowledge of this particular species. The present study corresponds to an anatomical descriptive study of the pelvic limb of a female Pudú. Musculature and its main relationships with blood vessels and nerves were described from proximal to distal, dividing the pelvic limb into four topographic regions: pelvic waist, femoral, crural and foot. In addition, a morphometric study of each topographic region and each muscle was performed as complementary analysis. The results were compared to domestic ruminants, in relation to those described in the classic anatomical bibliography, observing that the analyzed specimen has anatomical characteristics similar to that described for small ruminants, however, several important differences were observed and should be taken into consideration: the M. tensor fascia latae presents two overlapping portions; the M. soleus is more developed; the vasculature of the femoral nerve is observed through the cranial portion of the M. sartorius and M. gracilis is part of the common calcaneus tendon. The information provided in this study corresponds to an anatomical contribution that allows furthering scientific knowledge of this protected and vulnerable species.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Deer/anatomy & histology , Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology , Pelvis/anatomy & histology , Anatomy, Comparative , Muscle, Skeletal/blood supply , Muscle, Skeletal/innervation , Pelvis/blood supply , Pelvis/innervation
7.
Int. j. morphol ; 33(4): 1231-1236, Dec. 2015. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-772300

ABSTRACT

La especie Isurus oxyrinchus, conocido también como Tiburón Mako o Marrajo Común, pertenece a la familia Lamnidae, de la clase Condrictria, cuya principal característica es su esqueleto, el cual está constituido completamente por cartílago. Se considera una especie vulnerable según la UICN (Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza) como consecuencia de su utilización en la industria alimentaria y, en el último tiempo, a la caza deportiva, debido a su gran velocidad. Tiene una distribución cosmopolita, encontrándose en los océanos Pacífico, Atlántico, Índico, así como también en el Mar Mediterráneo y Mar Rojo. En Chile se tiene registro de su captura desde el norte hasta la región centro-sur del país. Son ejemplares de gran tamaño, llegando a medir hasta 3,5 metros y pesar alrededor de 570 kg. El presente trabajo corresponde a un estudio anatómico de un ejemplar juvenil de Tiburón Mako, obtenido por pesca incidental en las costas del Maule, Chile. La descripción del esqueleto se realizó de manera sistemática por segmentos: cráneo, columna y aletas. Se obtuvo un registro fotográfico de los resultados. De acuerdo a lo observado, podemos indicar que existe gran similitud con lo descrito en el Tiburón Espinoso y Tiburón Blanco, salvo algunas variaciones de forma en el esqueleto de esta especie, que corresponderían a las características que le confieren su aptitud para nadar a gran velocidad. La presente descripción, permite ampliar el conocimiento de la anatomía del Tiburón Mako, generando información de esta especie poco estudiada.


The species Isurus oxyrinchus, also known as Mako Shark or commonly as Shortfin Mako, belongs to the Lamnidae family, of the Condrictis class. The main anatomical feature of this class is a skeleton fully composed of cartilage. Considered to be a vulnerable species according to the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), as a result of its extensive use in food industry and hunting sports due to its high speed. It has a cosmopolitan distribution, being found in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans, the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. In Chile, a variety of this species has a distribution from the North to the Central-South regions of the country (according to industrial fishing data). Specimens are large in size, reaching 3.5 m and around 570 kg of weigh. The aim of this work was to perform a gross anatomy study of a juvenile Mako Shark, obtained by incidental fishing off the coast of Maule, Chile. The description of the skeleton was carried out in a systematic way by segments: skull, spine and fin. A photographic record of the specimen was obtained. According to the results, there is great similarity with what was described for the prickly shark and white shark, except for some shape variations in the skeleton. These differences could be explained by its ability to swim at high speed. The present description allows expanding knowledge of the anatomy of the Mako Shark, generating more information on this species.


Subject(s)
Animals , Sharks/anatomy & histology
8.
Int. j. morphol ; 32(3): 889-894, Sept. 2014. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-728283

ABSTRACT

El león africano (Panthera leo) pertenece a la familia felidae del orden carnívora, corresponde a un depredador de gran tamaño, en Chile se encuentra únicamente en estado de cautiverio, sin embargo está presente en numerosos zoológicos. La preocupación e interés por el bienestar de estos animales ha aumentado, por lo cual, cada vez se realizan procedimientos médicos de mayor complejidad. Lo expuesto anteriormente genera la necesidad de profundizar los conocimientos anatómicos que existen de esta especie. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar un estudio anatómico detallado de la inervación del miembro pélvico del león y describir sus relaciones topográficas con el sistema músculo esquelético y vascular. Se disecó un cadáver de león hembra, adulta, presentando la descripción según las regiones topográficas: región del cíngulo miembro pélvico, región femoral, región crural y región del pie. Se realizó un registro fotográfico de las disecciones, el cual fue complementada con ilustraciones anatómicas representativas de cada región. Acorde a lo observado, podemos indicar que existe una gran similitud con lo descrito en el gato, destacando el gran desarrollo de los nervios y ramos musculares del león. La presente descripción, permite, ampliar el conocimiento de la anatomía del miembro pélvico del león africano, específicamente su inervación y relaciones musculares y vasculares.


The African Lion (Panthera leo) belongs to the felidae family of the order carnivore, corresponding to large predators. In Chile it is found only in a state of captivity and is present in many zoos. As the concern and interest in these animals has increased, more complex procedures are performed each day. This generates the need for anatomical knowledge of this specie. This anatomical study was performed in order to describe the innervation of the pelvic limb of an African lion and topographical relationship with skeletal muscles and vascular structures. A corpse of an adult female lion, 130 kg, was dissected and described by topographical regions. Proximal to distal: cingulum pelvic limb region, femoral region, crural region and foot region. Descriptions of each region were complemented by photographs and drawings. According to the descriptive study of the innervation of the pelvic limb, it was observed that there is a great similarity with that described in the domestic cat, excepting the great development of their nerves and muscular branches. This study provides information about the innervation of the pelvic limb of the African lion, showing the relation with muscular and vascular structures. The anatomical information provided in this study can be useful for medical procedures in this species and other big cats.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Pelvis/innervation , Sciatic Nerve/anatomy & histology , Lions/anatomy & histology , Cadaver
9.
Rev. bras. farmacogn ; 22(4): 768-774, jul.-ago. 2012. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-640358

ABSTRACT

Climate change can be associated with variations in the frequency and intensity of extreme temperatures and precipitation events on the local and regional scales. Along coastal areas, flooding associated with increased occupation has seriously impacted products and services generated by marine life, in particular the biotechnological potential that macroalgae hold. Therefore, this paper analyzes the available information on the taxonomy, ecology and physiology of macroalgae and discusses the impacts of climate change and local stress on the biotechnological potential of Brazilian macroalgae. Based on data compiled from a series of floristic and ecological works, we note the disappearance in some Brazilian regions of major groups of biotechnological interest. In some cases, the introduction of exotic species has been documented, as well as expansion of the distribution range of economically important species. We also verify an increase in the similarities between the Brazilian phycogeographic provinces, although they still remain different. It is possible that these changes have resulted from the warming of South Atlantic water, as observed for its surface in southeastern Brazilian, mainly during the winter. However, unplanned urbanization of coastal areas can also produce similar biodiversity losses, which requires efforts to generate long-term temporal data on the composition, community structure and physiology of macroalgae.

10.
Rev. estomatol. Hered ; 22(1): 59-64, ene.-mar. 2012. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-658540

ABSTRACT

La tomografía computarizada Cone Beam gracias a los avances tecnológicos esta especialmente diseñada para producir imágenes de alta resolución e información tridimensional para aplicaciones dentales, esta tiene ventajas en la detección de los signos clínicos y la precisión en el diagnóstico. Además reduce el tiempo de exploración y sobre todo reduce la dosis de radiación en comparación de la tomografía computarizada tradicional. La tomografía computarizada Cone Beam y su aplicación en la endodoncia es muy importante ya que nos proporciona diversos cortes (axial, coronal y sagital) que nos va permitir dar un diagnóstico más preciso sobre fracturas radiculares, reabsorciones radiculares, periodontitis apical, perforaciones durante el tratamiento endodóntico, planificación de cirugías endodónticas y sobre todo nos va ayudar a reconocer la anatomía de las raíces y el número de conductos presentes en cada diente.


Due to technological advances the Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) has been specially designed to give images in high resolution and tridimensional information. The CBCT has may advantages as it may give high precision images in early diagnosis when compared with traditional computed tomography and conventional radiography. Cone Beam Computed Tomography is very important in endodontic as it gives us different: axial, coronal and sagittal cuts. That will allow us to give a more accurate diagnosis of root fractures, root resorption, apical periodontitis, endodontic perforations during treatment, endodontic surgery planning and above all will help us to recognize the anatomy and number of the root canal present in each tooth.


Subject(s)
Endodontics , Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
11.
Parasitol. latinoam ; 63(1/4): 64-68, Dec. 2008. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-551394

ABSTRACT

Usando diferentes técnicas parasicológicas, fueron analizadas 167 muestras de heces y 3 tractos digestivos completos obtenidos de pingüinos Adelia {Pygoscelis adeliae) de una zona Antartica protegida. Se reporta la presencia de: huevos y una estróbila de Tetrabothrius spp. (Cestoda: Pseudophyllida); una tenia con un rostellum inerme (Cestoda: Cyclophyllida) en estado inmaduro; ooquistes de Esporozoos y huevos de Nematodos sin identificación; una gran cantidad de Streptocara spp. (Nematoda: Acuariidae) en diferentes estados de evolución.


One hundred and sixty seven fecal samples and three complete digestive tracts obtained from these penguins were analyzed using different parasitological methodologies. The presence ofTetrabothrius spp. eggs (Cestoda: Pseudophyllida), and the observation of Sporozoa oocists and Nematoda eggs both of undetermined species in the fecal samples is reported. In the same way a large number of nematodes identified as Streptocara spp. (Nematoda: Acuariidae) in different evolutionary stages in stomach, and the recovery of a whole 81 cm. Tetrabothrius spp. specimen (without the scolex) and one inmature tapeworm (Cestoda: Cyclophyllida) with unarmed rostellum in guts of Adéliepenguins chiks found dead in a protected zone of the Antarctic territory is reported.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cestoda/isolation & purification , Feces/parasitology , Nematoda/isolation & purification , Spheniscidae/parasitology , Gastrointestinal Tract/parasitology , Antarctic Regions , Chile , Ecosystem , Helminths/isolation & purification , Parasite Egg Count , Protected Areas
12.
Parasitol. latinoam ; 61(3/4): 179-182, dic. 2006. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-453331

ABSTRACT

En el presente trabajo, se comunica la presencia de Streptocara spp (Nematoda: Acuariidae) y de Contracaecum spp (Nematoda: Anisakidae) en estómago; de dos escolex de tenias (Cestoda: Cyclophyllida) y huevos de Tetrabothrium spp (Cestoda: Pseudophyllida) en el intestino de pollos de pingüino Papua encontrados muertos en una zona Antártica protegida.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cestoda/ultrastructure , Bird Diseases/parasitology , Cestode Infections/veterinary , Nematode Infections/veterinary , Nematoda/ultrastructure , Gastrointestinal Tract/parasitology , Antarctic Regions , Birds , Chile , Cestoda/isolation & purification , Nematoda/isolation & purification , Protected Areas
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